(TNND) — Key parts of President Donald Trump's massive "One Big Beautiful Bill Act" will take effect at different times.

Some are temporary and some are permanent.

Core to the bill, which Trump signed into law on the Fourth of July, is the permanent extension of his 2017 tax cuts that had been slated to end this year.

The 2017 law lowered the corporate tax rate from 35% to 21% and made changes to the individual tax code, which includes small businesses.

That law changed tax rates across income brackets, and now the changes will carry forward beyond this year.

Will McBride, the chief economist for the Tax Foundation, said extending the 2017 tax cuts should add about $3 trillion over 10 years to federal deficits, even when accounting for economic growth from the OBBB.

And he said the Tax Foundation estimated an average tax increase of about $3,000 if those provisions hadn’t been extended.

But McBride is guessing most Americans won’t see these as tax cuts, because the increases turned out to be hypothetical, and reality will be mostly a continuation of what people already pay in federal taxes.

“My guess is that folks will not notice a lot of these things in this bill,” McBride said. “They will be confused, as they generally are about our tax code.”

But, he said, Republicans packed in some provisions designed to be more “tantalizing” and “sort of explicitly popular,” such as eliminating federal taxes on tips.

Those populist provisions stem from Trump’s campaign promises, he said.

And perhaps taxpayers will take more notice of some of the new cuts.

McBride said the big tax cuts are front-loaded in the bill, with the spending reductions that are meant to offset the tax cuts getting pushed down the line.

He said Republicans likely wanted to accelerate the tax cuts so they could potentially reap electoral rewards in next year’s midterms.

TAX CUTS AND CAMPAIGN PRIORITIES

The bill permanently extends the major provisions of 2017’s Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, including lower tax rates, larger standard deduction, child tax credit, and full business expensing deductions for equipment and machinery, said Adam Michel, the director of tax policy studies at the Cato Institute.

The bill also slightly expands the standard deduction and child tax credit, which are available this year.

The increase to the child tax credit, now $2,200 from the previous $2,000, is permanent and indexed to inflation beyond this year.

The child tax credit would’ve been $1,000 next year if the 2017 tax cuts were allowed to expire.

The tax exemptions for tips and overtime pay, Trump Account baby bonuses, and auto loan interest are all available starting this year and expire after 2028, Michel said.

“Each of these provisions is politically popular but economically unjustified,” Michel said via email. “The new Trump provisions will make paying taxes next year much more complicated and will provide targeted benefits to taxpayers with tipped income, overtime income, a new child, or an American-made car. These exclusions distort labor markets and erode the principle of broad-based taxation."

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McBride said those new, temporary tax changes are retroactive to the beginning of this tax year.

And he said that’s where some taxpayers might see the OBBB as a pretty big benefit.

The OBBB’s new $6,000 deduction for seniors runs through 2028.

The exclusion of taxes on tips and overtime will also stop after four years. But McBride said those provisions could get extended if they prove popular enough.

Extending any of those tax cuts would add to the federal deficit.

And McBride said it’s unclear if the political forces four years from now will be more on the side of keeping those tax cuts or more on the side of addressing the country’s “unsustainable” fiscal trajectory.

SALT

An increase to the state and local tax (SALT) deduction cap was part of the OBBB and available this year.

When people file their taxes next year, they will be able to claim the benefit, Michel said.

The SALT deduction cap increases from $10,000 to $40,000.

The larger deduction is available through 2029 and reverts to the $10,000 cap in 2030.

The larger SALT deduction is primarily a benefit to high-income earners in high-tax states, Michel said.

McBride said raising the SALT cap was a political compromise Republicans made to get their colleagues from high-tax blue states on board with the OBBB.

But Michel said the higher SALT cap encourages state-level tax hikes that are subsidized by federal taxpayers in other states.

MEDICAID REFORMS

Michel said the Medicaid reforms, meant to partially pay for the OBBB’s tax cuts, are phased in over the next several years.

For individuals, the “modest work requirements” and cost sharing begin in 2027 and 2028, he said.

The curbs on the “provider tax” that states use to inflate federal matching funds begin in 2028 and ramp up through 2032, Michel said.

“These are all reasonable integrity measures that help rein in automatic spending growth and ensure the program is targeted to those who need it most,” Michel said.

KFF, citing Congressional Budget Office estimates, says the OBBB is expected to reduce federal Medicaid spending by $1 trillion and increase the number of uninsured people by 11.8 million.

FOOD STAMP WORK REQUIREMENTS

Expanded work requirements for Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) beneficiaries will be rolled out soon, although the exact timeline is uncertain, and states can apply for exemptions through 2028, Michel said.

The larger state cost-sharing and fraud protections begin in 2028.

“These reforms are a small but meaningful shift toward a system that encourages work over long-term dependency and reduces fraud,” Michel said.

About 40 million Americans receive SNAP benefits.

GREEN ENERGY SUBSIDY REPEALS

Most of the individual-level credits for electric vehicles and home energy improvements expire this year or next year, Michel said.

McBride said the EV tax credit, a prime target of Republicans, now expires this Sept. 30.

Michel said the industry-level tax credits for most green energy investment and production, such as for wind, solar, and hydrogen, expire after 2027. He said those changes will save taxpayers about $500 billion.

DEFENSE AND BORDER SECURITY MONEY

The OBBB boosted spending for Trump policy priorities, including more money for national security and immigration enforcement.

The bill included $150 billion for defense and $145 billion for immigration enforcement and border security, with that money available as multi-year appropriations through Sept. 30, 2029.